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- PCB Power-Tree DesignDesign a PCB power tree from input protection through conversion, regulation, sequencing, measurement, and load verification.
- USB Interface Design for PCBsConnect USB power, the physical receptacle, ESD strategy, data routing, and a bridge or native-USB controller without guessing at pinouts.
- Sensor-Node PCB DesignDesign a sensor node around power integrity, interface constraints, address conflicts, placement, calibration, and observable failure modes.
- Motor-Control PCB DesignChoose and bring up a motor driver using real current, supply, decay, protection, thermal, and layout constraints.
- PCB Bring-Up and Debugging SystemMove from unpowered inspection through controlled first power, rails, clocks, reset, programming, interfaces, load, and a reproducible baseline.
Design guides
65 verified- LMR33630ADDAR3 A synchronous buck converter for 3.8 V to 36 V inputs
- TPS61200DRCRAdjustable synchronous boost converter that operates from inputs down to 0.3 V
- USBLC6-2SC6Low-capacitance ESD protection for two USB 2.0 data lines and VBUS
- DS1307Z+5 V I²C real-time clock with battery backup and 56 bytes of SRAM
- S2B-PH-K-STwo-pin, side-entry JST PH wire-to-board header on a 2.0 mm pitch
- MC78055 V, 1 A fixed positive linear voltage regulator in TO-220 — onsemi's MC7800-series 78xx equivalent with internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation.
- FT232RLNRND USB-to-UART bridge with integrated oscillator and EEPROM in SSOP-28; FTDI recommends the pin-compatible FT232RNL for new designs.
- SS141 A, 40 V surface-mount Schottky barrier rectifier in SMA (DO-214AC) — the SMD equivalent of the 1N5819, with the same electrical ratings in a compact reflow-compatible package.
- ESP32-WROOM-32Wi-Fi and Bluetooth MCU module with dual-core Xtensa LX6, 4 MB flash, and on-board PCB antenna.
- ESP32-S3-WROOM-1Dual-core Wi-Fi 4 + Bluetooth 5 (LE) MCU module with Xtensa LX7 at 240 MHz, up to 16 MB flash and 16 MB PSRAM, USB OTG, and vector instructions for DSP and neural-network workloads.
- STM32F103C8T672 MHz Cortex-M3 MCU with 64 KB flash; the Blue Pill board chip.
- RP2040Dual Cortex-M0+ 133 MHz MCU with 264 KB SRAM and external QSPI flash.
- ATmega328P8-bit AVR MCU with 32 KB flash; Arduino Uno chip; also PDIP-28.
- NE555Classic bipolar timer for astable and monostable circuits.
- LM358Dual general-purpose op-amp; single-supply but not rail-to-rail output
- AMS1117-3.31 A LDO with about 1.1 V dropout; ubiquitous 5 V to 3.3 V regulator
- TP40561 A single-cell Li-ion linear charger on ubiquitous red and blue modules
- MCP73831500 mA single-cell Li-ion linear charger with programmable current.
- MP1584EN3 A peak 28 V-input buck converter on countless cheap modules
- BME280Combined temperature humidity and pressure sensor on I2C or SPI
- MPU-60506-axis accelerometer and gyro; GY-521 module chip; clones dominate supply
- CH340CUSB-to-UART bridge with internal oscillator; dominant on budget dev boards.
- W25Q32JV32 Mbit QSPI NOR flash; standard MCU companion flash
- 1N4148100 V small-signal switching diode; multi-source jellybean
- BSS13850 V 220 mA N-channel MOSFET; standard bidirectional level-shifter part
- IRLZ44N55 V 47 A logic-level N-channel MOSFET for hobby power switching
- TLV9002Dual 1 MHz rail-to-rail op-amp for 1.8-5.5 V supplies
- DS18B201-Wire digital temperature sensor; heavily counterfeited.
- TYPE-C-31-M-12USB-C 16-pin USB 2.0 receptacle; generic-class part widely cloned.
- 74HC14Hex inverter with Schmitt-trigger inputs for squaring up slow and noisy signals.
- 74HC1658-bit parallel-load shift register for serializing switch and sensor inputs.
- 74HC5958-bit serial-in parallel-out shift register with latched 3-state outputs.
- ADS111516-bit I2C delta-sigma ADC with PGA, comparator, and a four-input mux.
- BQ24074Single-cell Li-Ion linear charger with dynamic power path, 1.5-A charge current, and 28-V tolerant input.
- CD40174000-series Johnson decade counter: ten decoded outputs, one high per clock, 3–18 V supply.
- DRV88258.2–45 V bipolar stepper driver with a built-in 1/32 microstepping indexer and STEP/DIR control.
- DRV8833Dual H-bridge driver for two brushed DC motors or one bipolar stepper, 2.7 to 10.8 V.
- INA219Bidirectional I2C current, voltage, and power monitor for rails up to 26 V.
- L293DQuad half-H motor driver with built-in flyback diodes, 600 mA per channel.
- LM1117-3.3Fixed 3.3 V, 800 mA low-dropout regulator in the classic SOT-223 1117 footprint.
- LM2596S-ADJThe 150-kHz, 3-A adjustable buck regulator behind the ubiquitous blue step-down modules.
- LM324Jellybean quad single-supply op amp: 3 V to 32 V, input range includes ground.
- LM339Industry-standard quad comparator with ground-sensing inputs and open-collector outputs.
- LM386Low-voltage mono audio power amplifier with pin-settable gain of 20 to 200.
- LM393Industry-standard dual comparator with open-collector outputs on a 2–30 V single supply.
- LM741Classic general-purpose bipolar op amp; a legacy part for repairs and coursework, not new designs.
- NE5532Dual low-noise bipolar op amp, the default for line-level audio on split supplies.
- REF3033Micropower 3.3 V precision series bandgap reference in SOT-23-3.
- SN65HVD2303.3 V ISO 11898-2 CAN transceiver with slope control and listen-only standby.
- TLV1117TI's 800 mA 1117-family linear regulator, adjustable and fixed, with two silicon generations shipping under one part number
- TPS5430Wide-input 5.5–36 V, 3 A nonsynchronous buck converter with on-chip compensation.
- ULN2003ASeven Darlington sink drivers with built-in flyback diodes for relays, solenoids, stepper coils, and LED strings.
- ULN2803AEight Darlington sink drivers with built-in flyback diodes for relays, solenoids, and LED strings.
- 1N58191 A, 40 V Schottky barrier rectifier in DO-41 — the default through-hole power Schottky for low-voltage rectification, freewheeling, and reverse-polarity protection.
- ATmega32U48-bit AVR MCU with 32 KB flash and native USB 2.0 full-speed device; Arduino Leonardo chip; also QFN.
- CP2102NUSB-to-UART bridge with internal oscillator and 3 Mbaud throughput; 3 package options down to 3x3 mm QFN.
- LM317TTI's classic 1.5 A adjustable 3-terminal regulator in TO-220, the industry-standard LM317T — NRND, legacy-chip only, and emphatically not an LDO
- AO3400A30 V 5.7 A N-channel trench MOSFET in SOT-23 for load switching and PWM at logic-level gate drive
- MCP6002Dual 1 MHz CMOS op-amp with rail-to-rail input/output; 1.8–6 V supply, 100 µA per channel
- AP63203WU-7Wide-input 3.8–32 V, 2 A synchronous buck converter with fixed 3.3 V output, 1.1 MHz switching, integrated MOSFETs, and enhanced EMI reduction.
- nRF24L01+2.4 GHz transceiver IC with Enhanced ShockBurst packet engine; 0 dBm TX, up to 2 Mbps, 6-pipe MultiCeiver.
- W25Q128JV128 Mbit QSPI NOR flash; the go-to 16 MB firmware storage chip
- AP2112K-3.3TRG1Fixed 3.3 V CMOS LDO specified for at least 600 mA, with enable, ceramic stability, and output discharge.
- BLM18AG601SN1600 ohm at 100 MHz general-use 0603 ferrite bead rated for 500 mA at 125 C.
- MCP2301716-bit I2C GPIO expander with two interrupt outputs, three address pins, and per-pin pull-ups.
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PCB design books, in an order that earns your time
Six reading paths from first circuits to analog troubleshooting, power, manufacturing, and high-speed layout.
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Categories
- Microcontrollers: MCUs and MCU modules: minimal circuits, strapping and boot pins, clock requirements, and the supply gotchas that cause field failures.
- Voltage Regulators: Linear regulators and references: dropout, stability requirements, quiescent current, and thermal limits.
- Buck Converters: Step-down switchers: real continuous-current ratings, external diode requirements, and layout-sensitive nodes.
- Battery & Power Management: Chargers, protection ICs, and fuel gauges: termination behavior, load-sharing, and safety pins that cheap modules leave out.
- Op-Amps & Comparators: Operational amplifiers: real output swing, input common-mode limits, and supply ranges. This is where datasheet fine print breaks circuits.
- Timers & RTCs: Timer ICs and real-time clocks: supply behavior, decoupling, and timing accuracy.
- Sensors: Environmental, motion, and current sensors: address pins, self-heating, counterfeit detection, and interface modes.
- MOSFETs & Transistors: Discrete switches: gate-drive requirements at logic levels, SOA limits, and the classic substitution mistakes.
- Diodes: Rectifiers, small-signal, Schottky, and TVS diodes: ratings, recovery, and package migration.
- Interface ICs: USB bridges, transceivers, expanders, and level shifters: driver situations, reference pins, and bus speed limits.
- Memory: SPI NOR flash, EEPROM, and FRAM: write granularity, protect bits, and boot compatibility.
- Connectors: USB-C, JST, and power connectors: footprint variance across clones, retention mechanics, and the CC-resistor rules.
- Motor Drivers: H-bridges and stepper drivers: current limits vs heatsinking, decay modes, and protection.